Hiring a lawyer can be expensive, and in some cases, you may want—or need—to represent yourself in court. This is called Pro Se litigation, which is Latin for “on one’s own behalf.” While it’s legal in all 50 U.S. states, it’s not always easy.

Here’s everything you need to know about filing a lawsuit without a lawyer.

🔹 What Is Pro Se Litigation?

Pro Se means representing yourself in a legal case without the help of an attorney. It’s commonly used in:

• Small claims

• Family court

• Landlord/tenant disputes

• Civil rights cases

• Debt collection cases

But be warned: just because you can represent yourself, doesn’t always mean you should.

🔹 Should You Go Pro Se?

Before filing a lawsuit on your own, ask yourself:

• Is the case straightforward?

• Are the damages relatively small (under $10,000)?

• Do you have time to learn legal procedures?

• Are you comfortable with public speaking and legal writing?

If you answered “yes” to most, Pro Se could be a good fit. If “no,” consult with a lawyer.

🔹 Steps to File a Lawsuit Without a Lawyer

1. Research Your Legal Issue

Start by researching:

• The legal grounds for your claim

• Statute of limitations

• Local court rules and procedures

Most state court websites offer self-help resources.

2. Draft the Complaint

A complaint is a legal document that outlines:

• Who you are suing (the defendant)

• What happened (the facts)

• What laws were broken

• What relief you’re seeking (money, restraining order, etc.)

Use formal legal language. Templates are often available from court websites.

3. File the Complaint

Take your complaint to the clerk of court in the correct jurisdiction. You’ll need to:

• Pay a filing fee (typically $50–$400)

• Submit multiple copies

• Get a case number

4. Serve the Defendant

You must legally “serve” the defendant with the complaint and a court summons. This can be done via:

• Certified mail

• Sheriff’s department

• Private process server

Proof of service must be filed with the court.

5. Prepare for Court

Gather all:

• Evidence (contracts, receipts, photos)

• Witnesses

• Documents to prove your claims

Study your court’s rules of evidence so your materials are admissible.

6. Attend Hearings or Trial

Show up early, dress professionally, and speak clearly. Practice your argument. The judge may ask questions, so be prepared.

7. Follow Through After the Judgment

If you win, you may need to take steps to collect your judgment. If you lose, consider whether to appeal or accept the decision.

🔹 Pros of Pro Se Litigation

• Saves money on attorney fees

• Can resolve simple disputes quickly

• Empowers you with legal knowledge

🔹 Cons of Going Without a Lawyer

• Higher chance of procedural errors

• May miss important legal defenses

• Judges may be less sympathetic if you’re unprepared

🔹 When to Still Consult a Lawyer

Even if you want to represent yourself, it’s a smart idea to:

• Pay for a one-time consultation

• Have an attorney review your complaint

• Get advice before your trial

Some lawyers offer “limited-scope representation,” meaning they assist with part of the case, not the whole thing.

🔹 Final Thoughts

Filing a lawsuit without a lawyer is possible—but not easy. With research, preparation, and patience, you can navigate the court system and present your case effectively.

Always remember: your case is only as strong as the effort you put in. Know the law, follow the rules, and stay organized.